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# Common Keymap Shortcuts
Your keymap can include shortcuts to common operations, for example shifted keys. This page documents the functions that are available to you.
People often define custom names using `#define`. For example:
```c
#define FN_CAPS LT(_FL, KC_CAPSLOCK)
#define ALT_TAB LALT(KC_TAB)
```
This will allow you to use `FN_CAPS` and `ALT_TAB` in your `KEYMAP()`, keeping it more readable.
### Limits of these aliases
Currently, the keycodes able to used with these functions are limited to the [Basic Keycodes](keycodes.html), meaning you can't use keycodes like `KC_TILD`, or anything greater than 0xFF. For a full list of the keycodes able to be used see [Keycodes](keycodes.html).
## Switching and toggling layers
These functions allow you to activate layers in various ways.
Care must be taken when switching layers, it's possible to lock yourself in a layer with no way to deactivate that layer (without unplugging your keyboard.) Always make sure that the layer you're switching into has the same key set to `KC_TRNS`.
Layers stack on top of each other in numerical order, and as a result you can only activate a layer that is "above" your current layer. For example, on layer 2 you can't use `MO(1)`, the behavior will be undefined.
* `MO(layer)` - momentary switch to *layer*. As soon as you let go of the key, the layer is deactivated and you pop back out to the previous layer.
* `LT(layer, kc)` - momentary switch to *layer* when held, and *kc* when tapped.
* `TG(layer)` - toggles a layer on or off.
* `TO(layer)` - Goes to a layer. This code is special, because it lets you go either up or down the stack -- just goes directly to the layer you want. So while other codes only let you go _up_ the stack (from layer 0 to layer 3, for example), `TO(2)` is going to get you to layer 2, no matter where you activate it from -- even if you're currently on layer 5. This gets activated on keydown (as soon as the key is pressed).
* `TT(layer)` - Layer Tap-Toggle. If you hold the key down, the layer becomes active, and then deactivates when you let go. And if you tap it, the layer simply becomes active (toggles on). It needs 5 taps by default, but you can set it by defining `TAPPING_TOGGLE`, for example, `#define TAPPING_TOGGLE 2` for just two taps.
## Modifier keys
These functions allow you to combine a mod with a keycode. When pressed the keydown for the mod will be sent first, and then *kc* will be sent. When released the keyup for *kc* will be sent and then the mod will be sent.
* `LSFT(kc)` or `S(kc)` - applies left Shift to *kc* (keycode)
* `RSFT(kc)` - applies right Shift to *kc*
* `LCTL(kc)` - applies left Control to *kc*
* `RCTL(kc)` - applies right Control to *kc*
* `LALT(kc)` - applies left Alt to *kc*
* `RALT(kc)` - applies right Alt to *kc*
* `LGUI(kc)` - applies left GUI (command/win) to *kc*
* `RGUI(kc)` - applies right GUI (command/win) to *kc*
* `HYPR(kc)` - applies Hyper (all modifiers) to *kc*
* `MEH(kc)` - applies Meh (all modifiers except Win/Cmd) to *kc*
* `LCAG(kc)` - applies CtrlAltGui to *kc*
You can also chain these, like this:
LALT(LCTL(KC_DEL)) -- this makes a key that sends Alt, Control, and Delete in a single keypress.
## Shifted Keycodes
The following shortcuts automatically add `LSFT()` to keycodes to get commonly used symbols.
|Name|Description|
|----|-----------|
| KC_TILD | ~ |
| KC_EXLM | ! |
| KC_QUES | ? |
| KC_AT | @ |
| KC_HASH | # |
| KC_DLR | $ |
| KC_PERC | % |
| KC_CIRC | ^ |
| KC_AMPR | & |
| KC_ASTR | * |
| KC_LPRN | ( |
| KC_RPRN | ) |
| KC_UNDS | _ |
| KC_PLUS | + |
| KC_DQUO | " |
| KC_LCBR | { |
| KC_RCBR | } |
| KC_LABK | < |
| KC_RABK | > |
| KC_PIPE | | |
| KC_COLN | : |
## Mod Tap
`MT(mod, kc)` - is *mod* (modifier key - MOD_LCTL, MOD_LSFT) when held, and *kc* when tapped. In other words, you can have a key that sends Esc (or the letter O or whatever) when you tap it, but works as a Control key or a Shift key when you hold it down.
These are the values you can use for the `mod` in `MT()` and `OSM()`:
* MOD_LCTL
* MOD_LSFT
* MOD_LALT
* MOD_LGUI
* MOD_RCTL
* MOD_RSFT
* MOD_RALT
* MOD_RGUI
* MOD_HYPR
* MOD_MEH
These can also be combined like `MOD_LCTL | MOD_LSFT` e.g. `MT(MOD_LCTL | MOD_LSFT, KC_ESC)` which would activate Control and Shift when held, and send Escape when tapped. Note however, that you cannot mix right and left side modifiers.
We've added shortcuts to make common modifier/tap (mod-tap) mappings more compact:
* `CTL_T(kc)` - is LCTL when held and *kc* when tapped
* `SFT_T(kc)` - is LSFT when held and *kc* when tapped
* `ALT_T(kc)` - is LALT when held and *kc* when tapped
* `ALGR_T(kc)` - is AltGr when held and *kc* when tapped
* `GUI_T(kc)` - is LGUI when held and *kc* when tapped
* `ALL_T(kc)` - is Hyper (all mods) when held and *kc* when tapped. To read more about what you can do with a Hyper key, see [this blog post by Brett Terpstra](http://brettterpstra.com/2012/12/08/a-useful-caps-lock-key/)
* `LCAG_T(kc)` - is CtrlAltGui when held and *kc* when tapped
* `MEH_T(kc)` - is like Hyper, but not as cool -- does not include the Cmd/Win key, so just sends Alt+Ctrl+Shift.
## One Shot Keys
One shot keys are keys that remain active until the next key is pressed, and then are releasd. This allows you to type keyboard combinations without pressing more than one key at a time.
For example, if you define a key as `OSM(MOD_LSFT)`, you can type a capital A character by first pressing and releasing shift, and then pressing and releasing A. Your computer will see the shift key being held the moment shift is pressed, and it will see the shift key being released immediately after A is released.
One shot keys also work as normal modifiers. If you hold down a one shot key and type other keys, your one shot will be released immediately after you let go of the key.
* `OSM(mod)` - Momentarily hold down *mod*. You must use the `MOD_*` keycodes as shown in [Mod Tap](#mod-tap), not the `KC_*` codes.
* `OSL(layer)` - momentary switch to *layer*.
## Permissive Hold
As of [PR#1359](https://github.com/qmk/qmk_firmware/pull/1359/), there is a new `config.h` option:
```
#define PERMISSIVE_HOLD
```
This makes it easier for fast typists to use dual-function keys. Without this, if you let go of a held key inside the tapping term, it won't register.
Example: (Tapping Term = 200ms)
- SHFT_T(KC_A) Down
- KC_X Down
- KC_X Up
- SHFT_T(KC_A) Up
With defaults, if above is typed within tapping term, this will emit `ax`. With permissive hold, if above is typed within tapping term, this will emit `X` (so, Shift+X).
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